Classical Theology.—Xlii.

we shall all be changed , " Christ must be in us and we in Christ , unto the resurrection of the body ( not of the grave ) , and the free ascension and descension of heavenly immortality .

Architecture And Archæology.

ARCHITECTURE AND ARCH ? OLOGY .

m Franco and Germany , curious ancl interesting links in the history of art . As might be expected from the history of Charlemagne and his era , thoy present a curious mixture of debased Eoman and Byzantine ; two of the most perfect are the gatehouse of the convent of Lorsch , in the Bergstrasse , on the banks of the Uliinc , which is debased Roman , and Germigny , on the banks of the Loir , near Tours . This is a

mixture of Bj'zantiue and Eoman , the plan being a Greek cross with a central lantern and a sort of cupola , but with details rather of debased Roman than Byzantine . After the time of Charlemagne for two centuries it is very difficult to find a stone building anywhere in the West of Europe . In Normandy there is one church which approaches in some degree to tho character of the Anglo-Saxon churches .

It is called Yieux Pont ( in Calvados ) , and is built of Roman materials in a very rude stylo , with herringbone work and some other points of resemblance ; and it has an inscription , but one ivhich does not give a date : it is probably quite at the beginning of the 11 th century , but may possibly be of the time of Charlemagne . It is probablehoweverthat there are churches still

, , many remaining in different parts of France , or , moro properly speaking , of Gaul , which belong to the first half of the 11 th century ; and of several of these tho history is so well preserved that it is necessary to give somo account of them here .

Perhaps the most remarkable of these is the church of St . Front , at Perigueux , whicli is a regular Byzantine church , with its five clonics . A considerable part of it has lately been restored , which means entirely rebuilt from thc ground , but I was fortunate enough to sec it before this was done and again while the rebuilding was going on . Tho original work was of rubble onland rudeand

nuy very , merous fragments of Roman buildings wore used as old materials in tlie mass ofthe walls : the Eoman capitals were also used again . This church was consecrated in 10-1-7 . The nave of an earlier church still exists , and forms a vestibule

to the present church , and the west front of it is tolerably perfect , though concealed by a house built agaiust it . The work of this earlier church is debased Roman . Thc nave had a timber roof only , ivhich has been destroyed . The domical church bears so much resemblance to St . Mark ' s , at Venice , that my friend Mr . Felise dc Verneilh , who has studied it very carefully and has published a work

upon it , has no doubt that it was copied from that church . I consider it more probable that both were copied from a common type at Byzantium , as Venice was then only a subordinate city of the Byzantine empire , and the resemblance is not so exact as M . de Verneilh imagines : at St . Front the arches are pointed ; at St . Mark ' s they are round ; and there are other variations in that part of Aquitaine called

Perigord , of which Perigueux is the centre . There are about forty of these Byzantine churches with their domes , some of which have inscriptions recording their erection in the latter part ofthe 11 th century and beginning ofthe 12 th century . These domes also exercised a considerable influence on the : vaulting of the whole of Aquitaine , and a few straggling instances extend as far as Norinandy . The church of Bernay was founded in 1024 , bv Judith .

wife of Richard IL , Duke of Normandy . Itis now a markethall , and has a west front of the 17 th century , but the greater part of tho walls are original , with the triforium and clerestory . These are very rude work , with baluster shafts . The aisles are vaulted with a series of small domes under a wooden roof ; these are considered by Mr . Petit as original , ancl I am disposed to agree with him , although thc French anti

quaries consider them as part of the work of the 17 th century , built at thc same time as the west' front . They are quite plain rather flat- domes of rubble , or at least of small uncut stones , not of ashlar . The celebrated and fine church of Tournus , on thc Saone , was built between 1008 and 1019 , and a portion of the original structure remains . The nave is vaulted ivjofch transverse barrel vaults

across each bay from north to south , instead of the usual longitudinal vault . This arrangement is said to be unique . It is many years since I saw the church , and I did not then know the history of it , and did not clearly make out to what period the different parts belong , but it _ seems not improbable that the transverse stone arches originally carried a wooden roof only , as in many other examples , and that the vaults were put on subsequently , perhaps after a fire had destroyed the wooden roof .

ON THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE ELEVENTH . CENTURY . ( Continued frontpage 307 . ) AVilliam of Malmesbury has ' given a letter from King Canute iu 1031 stating that he has been to Romeand

, , among many other things , that " the Emperor assented to my request , as did Rodolph , the King , and all the princes , and confirmed with an edict that my subjects , traders , as well as those who went on religious account , should peaceably go and return from Rome without any molestation from warders , or barriers , or tax-gatherers . Again , I complained before the Popeand expressed my hih displeasure that my

arch-, g bishops wore oppressed by the immense sum of money which is demanded from them when seeking , according to custom , the apostolic residence to receive the fall ; ancl it was determined that it should be so no longer . " These frequent journeys to Rome throughout the Middle Ages had the advantage of keeping tho English clergy always acquainted with what was going on in other countries ,

and they were always ready enough to make use of their information . But at the period of which we are now treating , I believe it will be found on investigation that the other countries of Europe were in much the same state of civilisation as the English , and that buildings of stone were as rare in other countries as in England . At the end of tho eighth century , in the time of Charlemagne , a spasmodic effort was made to revive the art of building in stone , but it soon died away . We have a few isolated buildings of that period remaining

The cathedral of Auxerre was founded in 1005 , and the crypt appears to be not long after that date ; it is very rude , with wide jointed masonry and plain early capitals , which correspond with others in some of the other early crypts . The church of St . Germain cles Pros at Paris was re-built after its destruction by the Normans by tho Abbot Morard , who died in 1014 . A small part ofthe nave is said to belongto this it is lain and earl

period ; p y-looking . ° The cathedral of Ncvcrs was founded in 1028 , and parts of thc existing building agree with that date : these are the western apse and thc crypt under it , and the transepts with their chapels .- thc capitals are exactly the same as those in the crypt of Auxerre . The arches are square in section : the piers are aud massivewith heavy shafts at

square , - tached to them , carrying a large round moulding under tho soffit of the arch : the vaults are groined without ribs , and without transverse arches . The original church was small and cruciform , witli a very short head to the cross , terminated by an apse . A new church was added eastward of it in the 13 th century , and thc eastern arm of the cross entirely rebuilt .

The church of the Bonceray , at Angers , was founded in 028 , by Foulques , Earl of Anjoii , ancl a considerable part of tho existing church is of early character , not Ion" - afterthat date . " The church of St . Hilary , at Poictiers , was rebuilt by Agncs of Burgundy , wife of William III ., Duke of Aquitaineand was consecrated in 1049 . A part of the existing

, church belongs to this period : the greater part has been again rebuilt ; but the plan and arrangement of the fabricprobably belong to this century , though most of thc ornamentation is later . The fine abbey church of Juniicgcs was consecrated in