On The Proto-Ethnic Condition Of Asia Minor, The Khalubes (Ohalybes), Idæi Dactyli, And Their Relations With The Mythology Of Ionia.

another of the same name , each Ida and each Olympus had the same legends . The measure necessary to arrive finally at a correct decision is the unravelling of this skein . All this is a Avork of time and labour . For my own part , I cannot yet effect it ; I can only make

public those conclusions at Avhich I have now arrived , Avith the wish that my errors may be corrected , ancl that the right channels I indicate may be properly explored . It is essentially necessary to profit by Avhat Ave knoAV of Avestern Asia Minor , treating it not as a

Greek country , but as a barbarian country into which the Greeks penetrated . My present vieAV of its ethnological strata is these : — The Hellenic , Greeks , and allied tribes . The Iberian . The Amazon or Tibeto-Caucasians . The Khalubes and hill tribes , possibly of more than one stock .

It is questionable Avhether any descendants of the Greeks remain in Asia Minor . Those socalled , are partly of Tibeto-Caucasian stock , aud partly , possibly , of Iberian . Tho Amazons , or Tibeto-Caucasians , are represented in situ by Lazians , Suans or Tsanni , and Georgians . It is

possible that some of the hill tribes were allied to the other existing Caucasian nations . It is not here attempted to determine what the Khalubes were , but , in the main , they must have been ethnologically separate from the succeeding Amazon populations , and perhaps included earlier

aborigines mixed up Avith them . The natural key to a comprehension of Asia Minor in the Hellenic period , is India with Aryans in the north , and its Dravidians in the south , with Aryan speaking Dravidians , and wifcli the hilt tribes , of various physical features , speaking Aryan , Dravidian , ancl Tibeto-Caucasian languages , or mixtures of these , ancl possibly retaining relics of earlier languages .

It is particularly desirable to bear in mind these hill tribes , tributary , held as inferiors , barbarians , brutes , and outcasts , given to bloody superstitions and yet exercising an influence , by their own superstitions ou the superstitions of the inhabitants of the plain . Our Hon . Member , Mr . W .

W . Hunter , in the " Rural annals of Bengal , " shows that if the Aryans have influenced the non-Argans , so have the non-Aryans influenced them . At each epoch in Asia Minor the remnant of aborigines in the hills would be growing smaller , and approaching extinction because in tlie case

, of the smelters they were small in numbers under most circumstances , as their market Avas small , andAvhen a great manufacture sprang tip , thehills Avere filled Avith strangers , and also from to time the other races took refuge in the hills . The blood of the Khalubes may still flow in the veins

of some of the inhabitants of Lazistan , but their language and nationality must be lost , unless so fir as special relics may yet be identifiable .

It will be most convenient to proceed at once to treat the subject without building up step by step . ] . Beginning at the end we have the Khalubes of Xenophon in Pouttts , now Lazistan , among the mountains ( Xenoph . Anal , v . ) They Avorked iron ,

and formeily silver . Stephanus Byzantinus places Khalubes on the Thermodon , Avhich is supposed to be erroneous , but in Avhich he is very likely right . Pliny ( B . vi . ch . 19 ) speaks of Armeno-Khalubes to the east . These Avere very likely -an

eastern extension of smelting tribes . The statements of the later historians , that the Khalubes and the Chaktei Avere the same , is an

error . At Oonieh , formerly G 3 noe , in Pontus , in the neighbourhood of the Khalubes , Hamilton ( vol . i . p . 275 ) found people , a feAV years ago , Avorking iron Avith charcoal . This appears to have been htematite as in the Besh Parmak mountains . The

Oonieh iron was sent to Constantinople . 2 . Khalubes are placed by Herodotus ( B . i . 28 ) between the Mariandyni and Paphlagones , at that time in the empire of Crcesus . This has been contested , but it is most likely right . 3 . These Khalubes are possibly connected with

Pessinos , in Galatia , in the south . As this was a great temple of Cybele , I place here a tribe of Khalubes , represented by the Galli , priests of Cybele , AVIIO , it is to be observed , have no ethnological connection Avith the subsequent Gallic invaders .

4 . Khalubes in Phrygia generally as connected Avith the Avorship of Cybele . 5 . Daktyli , or Finger Khalubes , in the Five-Finger Mountains of Caria , opposite Tralles , to the south of the Maander river .

Tin ' s district , IIOAV called the Besh Parmak Mountains , is the place Avhere the Chingani , or Gypsys , are UOAV working htematite iron . AVith these were connected the Korubantes and Kurctes , priests of Cybele , in Mount Latmus , and the other mountains forming the termination of

the chain of Messogis . 6 . Idas ! Daktyli—Daktyls , or Fingers of Mount Ida—a colony of the Five Fingers , brouo'ht iu for the purpose of Avorking iron . There Avere possibly Daktyls ou Mount Sipylus , near Smyrnaa great shrine of Cybele .

, The foreign colonies or extensions Avere : — A . In Satnofchrace , Lemnos , and it is to be suspected , in the European districts from the names of Olympus . Samothrace was a great seat of Cy beh ' ne mysteries , and represented by the Kabeiri .

B . In Crete , a colony of Daktyls carried over by Mygdou , or Minos , aud Avho introduced the legends of Ida in Asia ( Diodorus Siculus , v . 64 ) . C . In Cyprus the Daktyls discovered iron ( Clemens Alexandrinus , Strom , i . p . 362 ) .